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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their sole purpose is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have large heads with highly modified powerful jaws so enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, such as juveniles, they are fed by workers.5556 Fontanelles, easy holes in the eyebrow that exude defensive secretionsare a feature of the family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species are readily identified using the qualities of the soldiers' bigger and darker head and massive mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers can utilize their globular (phragmotic) heads to block their narrow tunnels.58 Different sorts of soldiers include minor and major soldiers, and nasutes, that have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers can spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes in their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation plays an important role in nasute nutrition.60.
The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a prosperous female and man, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of the colony is responsible for egg production for its colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.62 In certain species, the abdomen of this queen swells up dramatically to increase fecundity, a characteristic known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen starts producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of year, and huge swarms emerge in the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into employees, but others may further moult to become soldiers alates.
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Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life span. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the workers are exclusively female. Men (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both employees and the queen) are both diploid and develop from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, both male and female workers may have different functions in a termite colony.63.
The life span of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult stages.64 Nymphs resemble small adults, and go through a series of moults as they develop.
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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time frame depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of this colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed thembut workers also take part in the social life of the colony and also have certain other activities to accomplish such as foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones govern the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of the termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Termite alates only leave the colony when a nuptial flight occurs. Alate men and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable spot for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a spot. When they do, they excavate a room big enough for both, shut up the entrance and move to partner.70 After mating, the set never go outside and spend the rest of their lives in the nest.
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By way of example, alates in certain species appear during the day in summer while others emerge during the winter.71 The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around regions with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also fluctuates, with the larger species normally having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early phases of the colony, but places as many as 1,000 a day when the colony is a few years old.53 At maturity, a primary queen has a great capacity to lay eggs. In some species, i was reading this the mature queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and might create 40,000 eggs a day.72 The two adult ovaries may possess some 2,000 ovarioles every.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to several times more than prior to mating and reduces her ability to maneuver freely; attendant employees provide assistance.